To prevent withdrawal, many people turned to cheaper heroin, which could be bought for $5 a dose or less. The lifespan perspective in health psychology reveals that adolescents One of the shortcomings with the health belief model is Risk factors for a health problem People whose personalities include high levels of _____ seem to be "disease" Table 4.1shows the new recommendations, which describe sleep durations that are recommended, may be appropriate, and not recommended. Given the average life expectancy for U.S. citizens falls between 73 and 79 years old (Singh & Siahpush, 2006), we can expect to spend approximately 25 years of our lives sleeping. While the possession and use of marijuana remain illegal in many states, it is now legal to possess limited quantities of marijuana for recreational use in eleven states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. Manifest contentis the actual content, or storyline, of a dream. Asleep spindleis a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory (Fogel & Smith, 2011; Poe, Walsh, & Bjorness, 2010). You were capable of engaging in the all of the complex tasks involved with operating a motor vehicle even though you were not aware of doing so. The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression. PSY-352 Health Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet This section will consider these questions and explore various explanations for why we sleep. Watch this, Sleep, which we all experience, is a quiet and mysterious pause in our daily lives. We also alter our consciousness through the use of various psychoactive drugs. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brains clock mechanism. Words To Describe Symptoms | Adjectives For Symptoms - SearchSentences Drug withdrawal is usually an aversive experience, and it can be a life-threatening process in individuals who have a long history of very high doses of alcohol and/or barbiturates. Hypnosisis a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli. In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). It may feel like alcohol helps you sleep, but it actually disrupts REM sleep and leads to frequent awakenings. Module 4: Mood Disorders - Washington State University Once she was able to limit her use to less than 12 ounces of soda a day, both her mental and physical health gradually improved. Chapter 5: Indoor Air Pollutants and Toxic Materials Therefore, no movement of voluntary muscles occurs during REM sleep in a normal individual; REM sleep is often referred to as paradoxical sleep because of this combination of high brain activity and lack of muscle tone. Often, however, people wishing to learn to meditate receive some training in techniques to achieve a meditative state. Alertness is associated with higher body temperatures, and sleepiness with lower body temperatures. For example, a person may work from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Monday, 3:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Tuesday, and 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday. The brain waves associated with REM sleep, outlined in the red box in (a), look very similar to those seen (b) during wakefulness. Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. Variations and adaptations in cognition and behavior make individuals more or less successful in reproducing and passing their genes to their offspring. EVERYDAY CONNECTION: Solutions to Support Healthy Sleep, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Medical marijuana is legal in over half of the United States and in the District of Columbia (Figure 4.19). Some sleep-deprived individuals have difficulty staying awake when they stop moving (for example sitting and watching television or driving a car). Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep. Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. In other words, dreaming involves constructing a virtual reality in our heads that we might use to help us during wakefulness. Scott Falater had a history of regular episodes of sleepwalking as a child, and he had even behaved violently toward his sister once when she tried to prevent him from leaving their home in his pajamas during a sleepwalking episode. Physical dependenceinvolves changes in normal bodily functionsthe user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use. b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. People who suffer from insomnia might limit their use of stimulant drugs (such as caffeine) or increase their amount of physical exercise during the day. We might also experience unconscious states of being via drug-induced anesthesia for medical purposes. In such instances, REM rebound may actually represent an adaptive response to stress in non-depressed individuals by suppressing the emotional salience of aversive events that occurred in wakefulness (Suchecki, Tiba, & Machado, 2012). The first stage of NREM sleep is known as stage 1 sleep. Sleep apnea is defined as a reduction or cessation of breathing during sleep. An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system, and antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity. The 20th century Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious. These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. Our experiences change dramatically while we are in deep sleep and once again when we are dreaming. Marijuana may also have some promise in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions (Mather, Rauwendaal, Moxham-Hall, & Wodak, 2013; Robson, 2014; Schicho & Storr, 2014). This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. Early attempts to treat her condition with a stimulant drug alone were unsuccessful. The internal state of an object is the set of all its attributes' values. As a group, hallucinogens are incredibly varied in terms of the neurotransmitter systems they affect. By analyzing dreams, Freud thought people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in their lives. You don't have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making; these are examples of internal states. This is of such concern that people who are trying to overcome addiction to these substances should only do so under medical supervision. The smokable form reaches the brain very quickly to produce an intense euphoria that dissipates almost as fast as it arrives, prompting users to continuing taking the drug. The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment is called homeostasis. How the brain's internal states affect decision-making I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. Hypnosis has also been used to draw out information believed to be buried deeply in someones memory. This is an important factor because we can develop tolerance and experience withdrawal from any number of drugs that we do not abuse. Opioids have analgesic properties; that is, they decrease pain. Homeostasisis the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system. Still, people experiencing opioid withdrawal may be given methadone to make withdrawal from the drug less difficult. In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). Several of the nurses interviewed commented that their work schedules affected their relationships with their family. Shock: Signs, Causes, and Types - Healthline Sore throat. a - a mole that looks cancerous. Infants should not have caps placed on their heads when put down to sleep in order to prevent overheating, and people in the childs household should abstain from smoking in the home. For instance, some people would say they are morning people, while others would consider themselves to be night owls. As mentioned earlier, REM sleep is marked by rapid movements of the eyes. (credit sleeping: modification of work by Ryan Vaarsi). Although she had been taking a prescription antidepressant, her symptoms of depression continued to worsen and she began to suffer physically, displaying significant warning signs of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Typically, individuals suffering from night terrors will fall back asleep again within a short time. Psychological dependence on these drugs is also possible. Methadoneis a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs. . If you cannot fall asleep, leave your bed and do something else until you feel tired again. Hypnosis in conjunction with other techniques is used for a variety of therapeutic purposes and has shown to be at least somewhat effective for pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss (Alladin, 2012; Elkins, Johnson, & Fisher, 2012; Golden, 2012; Montgomery, Schnur, & Kravits, 2012). The freebase version of cocaine, known as crack, is a potent, smokable version of the drug. Wakefulnessis characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. In 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended tighter controls on their medical use. Beyond being awake or asleep, there are many other states of consciousness people experience. 1. This discomfort is relieved by deliberately moving the legs, which, not surprisingly, contributes to difficulty in falling or staying asleep. Not able to pass stool or gas. One of the nurses said, If youve had a partner who does work regular job 9 to 5 office hours . As he went to investigate what was going on, he was met by a group of police officers who arrested him for the murder of his wife (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. Because GABA has a quieting effect on the brain, GABA agonists also have a quieting effect; these types of drugs are often prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia. After dinner, he prepared some materials to use in leading a church youth group the following morning, and then he attempted to repair the familys swimming pool pump before retiring to bed. (Jayanthi & Ramamoorthy, 2005; Rothman, Blough, & Baumann, 2007). Although she did not experience any dream-like hallucinations, she was diagnosed with narcolepsy as a result of sleep testing. Some research suggests that species that face higher predatory risks sleep fewer hours than other species (Capellini et al., 2008), while other researchers suggest there is no relationship between the amount of time a given species spends in deep sleep and its predation risk (Lesku, Roth, Amlaner, & Lima, 2006). During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system (Christensen et al., 2012; Sofikitis et al., 2008). Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were.
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