And 40 years after his passing, the translation has now been brought into publication thanks to the zealous efforts of a few lovers of classical literature. He was followed by his two sons who became kings in succession. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. Is domestic violence against men Recognised in India? It is by late Vidwan T.K. Son of Vajraditya II and Massa. Sussala's son. The work generally records the heritage of Kashmir, but 120 verses of Rjatarangi describe the misrule prevailing in Kashmir during the reign of King Kalash, son of King Ananta Deva of Kashmir. It covers the whole range of history in Kashmir from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. In the first Taranga (book) of Rajatarangini, Kalhana expresses his dissatisfaction with the earlier historical books, and presents his own views on how history ought to be written:[4].
Postmodernism is the literary period, the beat generation aligned with. From the Pen of Jonarja, Court Pait to Suln Zayn al-bidn. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. Contextual translation of "poyu ta" from Persian into Tagalog. [17], Shihabud-din was also a great administrator who governed his kingdom with firmness and justice. Deposed his half-brother to become the king, but died after a week. [22] His policies, like with the previous Hindu rulers, were likely meant to gain access to the immense wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions;[23][22][24] further, Jonaraja's polemics stemmed, atleast in part, from his aversion to the slow disintegration of caste society under Islamic influence. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. A view of Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab from its yard. Later, in the time of Firuz, Sanskrit books on medicine and music were translated into Persian. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Compared to translations in other languages, Raman Menons craft is remarkable for its lucidity and elegance. [10] The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. Called "the blind" because of his small eyes. The Rajatarangini is an epic poem (mahakavya) in Sanskrit running into nearly 8000 verses that are spread over eight books or sections. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. orders. Rajatharangini promises to arouse a great deal of interest among readers. for this article. , , are the top translations of "puhdas" into Persian. He delved deep into such model works as the Harsacarita and the Brihat-samhita epics and used with commendable familiarity the local rajakathas (royal chronicles) and such previous works on Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthivavali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Rajatarangini, Telugu translation by Renduchintala Lakshmi Narasimha Sastry, This page was last edited on 14 November 2022, at 18:27. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Published online by Cambridge University Press: Hiranya died childless. Rajatharangini ; Vidwan T.K. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBalochRafiq1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchimmel1980 (, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00, Baharistan-i-Shahi Chapter 3 EARLY SHAHMIRS, "Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rjataragi Authors", "This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. Render date: 2023-03-04T12:29:12.553Z The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Despite these stated principles, and despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity and a few inconsistencies in the earlier chapters of his book, especially the first three books. Verse 7. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. [5] According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha Rjatarangi (Rjataragi "The River of Kings") is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE.[1]. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties.
His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. Kalhaa's account of Kashmir begins with the legendary reign of Gonarda, who was contemporary to Yudhishthira of the Mahbhrata, but the recorded history of Kashmir, as retold by Kalhaa begins from the period of the Mauryas. Sultan Shihabud-din did not have a large number of soldiers to battle against the Kashgar army. Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. Son of Jayapida and Durgi. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. Murdered by Radda. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. He subdued several enemies. [20][18][19] Economic condition was decent.
Rajatarangini - Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. In 1574, Akbar started an Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in his new capital of Fatehpur Sikri. Sikander Lodi was succeeded on the throne in 1489. Verse 12. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Became queen after the death of all male heirs. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. 'Great King')[29] and ruled from 1418 to 1470. Sanskrit: This period produced greater works in Sanskrit rather than the previous periods. rajatarangini of kalhana vol iv - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini of kalhana vol ii - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini - shri ramtej shastri pandey_part3. Translation of " " into Persian . He was a devout Shaivite, and his reign was marked by peace. . that the material was genuinely picky. the Kambojs Translation of "puhdas" into Persian . Answer: A) Abdul Fazi. . As the result of the decline in linguistic oriented approaches, Translation Studies witnessed a move towards a more descriptive and cultural direction in the 1990s. [22], Kalhana's account starts to align with other historical evidence only by Book 4, which gives an account of the Karkota dynasty. [28] He was defeated by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin at Thanna with the help of Jasrath Khokhar, a chieftain from Pothohar Plateau. [13], Shah Mir arrived in Kashmir in 1313 along with his family, during the reign of Suhadeva (13011320), whose service he entered. Ascended the throne after her death, beginning, Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara, Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by, Second son of Kalasha. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. Answer. According to Kalhana, Ashoka reigned before 1182 BCE, and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara. Kalhana appears to made little attempt to determine the actual sequence of rule of the kings and dynasties he recorded). His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. Verse 7. The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. Complete Answer: In 1574 Akbar began a Maktab Khana or a place of interpretation works in Fatehpur Sikri. European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. In our own time, the Kashmiri Sanskrit scholar and former diplomat A.N.D. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. Its heyday was the 13th and 14th centuries, broadly the period straddling the phase of Sanskrit literature to which . In this backdrop, the Malayalam translation called The Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini was translated into Persian. Then Lalitaditiya meets the Bhauttas in Baltistan in western Tibet north of Kashmir, then the Dardas in Karakoram/Himalaya, the Valukambudhi and then he encounters Strirajya, the Uttarakurus and the Pragjyotisha respectively (IV.165-175). Sandhimati remained in prison for 10years. All Rights Reserved 2022 Theme: Promos by. View all Google Scholar citations Ruled with his mother Didda as regent, aided by the minister Naravahana. [12] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara). Made king by Sukhavarman, the son of Utpala. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. Established the city of. Regarding the events of the past, Kalhanas search for material was truly fastidious. He stopped the killing of cows by means . Rajatarangini 's first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. university presses. From there, Buddhism spread to several other adjoining regions including Central Asia, Tibet and China. Ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) once attacked Kashmir with a large army. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. His book Tuti Namah (book of the parrot), written in the time of Muhammad Tughluq, was a Persian translation of Sanskrit stories. In the Karkota family, Lalitapida had a concubine, a daughter of a Kalyapala (IV.678). that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonarajas Hence the correct answer is Option B. Answer. In Books V and VI the history of the dynasty continues to 1003, when the kingdom of Kashmir passed on to a new dynasty, the Lohara. Zain-ul-Abidin was also known as 'the Akbar of Kashmir'. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. This quarterly has been published regularly since A Persian translation of Rajatarangini was commissioned by Zain-ul-Abidin, who ruled Kashmir in the 15th century CE. Uchchala's brother; ascended throne with Gargachandra's support, Harsha's grandson, who had escaped Uchchala's revolt.
Zain-ul-Abidin - Wikipedia As history of Kashmir, it has its undoubted deficiencies in terms of conventional chronology and the complex tapestry of myth and legend that it has largely woven together as content, but then Explanation: In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. [6], On the other hand, the 15th century Kashmiri historian Jonaraja, writing in the court of Shah Mir's descendant Budshah, states that Shah Mir came to Kashmir along with his tribe from the country of Panchagahvara (identified as the Panjgabbar valley between Rajouri and Budhal).
Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? - ProfoundTips Toromanu is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. Writing of Rajatarangini in the introduction to his 1935 English translation of this twelfth-century Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana, R. S. Pandit described it as a "poem of great scope, a more or less complete picture of society, in which the bloody periods of the past are delightfully relieved by delicate tales of love, by episodes of marvel Some of the architectural projects commissioned by the dynasty in Kashmir include: Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar. Has data issue: true According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). [15], He was the only Shah Mir ruler to keep Hindu courtiers in his court. [clarification needed], From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, Koenraad Elst: Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate 1999, https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=559022, Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter, Articles needing expert attention from November 2008, Articles with disputed statements from March 2012, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core. Nothing is known about his origin. (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Kalhana describes the rules of Toramana and, After the Huna, Meghavahana of the Gonandiya family was brought back from. His son Jayendra was followed by Samdhimati-Aryaraja (34 BCE-17 CE) who had the soul of Jayendra's minister Sandhimati. Concerning past occasions, Kalhana wrote that the material was genuinely picky. She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne. He was the ruler of Kashmir and the founder of the Shah Mir dynasty. Usurped the throne, claiming to be a descendant of Yashaskara. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. It is the 25th most populated city in India, located on the banks of River Vaigai. He tried to abduct a Nga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. Such striking historical details aside, the preeminent fact is that Kalhanas is a literary text of extraordinary merit. The serial will be aired on Doordarshan in 2006. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. He was known by his subjects as Bod Shah or Budshah (lit. He established a university in Naushehra and a Darul Tarjuma. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Check ' ' translations into Persian. Jizya was abolished too in his command. The Journal of Asian Studies 1 Son of Parvagupta and husband of Didda (a member of the. He devoted his time to sensual pleasures, and neglected royal duties.
Mughal contributions to literature and Music - KPSC Exam Free Notes This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. In recent years, it has developed its strongest reputation According to the historical evidence, Lalitaditya Muktapida ruled during the 8th century. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi.
He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. 0 0 Similar questions The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. Turn on. Kalhana relates that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas. Please abide by our community guidelines for posting your comments. This Vikramaditya is not same as the, Shared the administration with his queen. Devout Shaivite. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate. What are three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers 5 by 7 and 9 by 11? Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. If you are already a registered user of The Hindu and logged in, you may continue to engage with our articles. He wanted his court poets to interpret the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana, and Mahabharata into the Persian language. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics".
Sanskrit Literature in the Medieval India You can try more lenient search to get some results. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). Made in Kasmir, Rajputana, and Central India, Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Invoking the Past: The Uses of History in South Asia, The King of Controversy: History and Nation-Making in Late Colonial India, The Frail Hero and Virile History: Gender and the Politics of Culture in Colonial Bengal, Vernacular Histories in Late Nineteenth-Century Banaras: Folklore, Puranas and the New Antiquarianism, Indian Economic and Social History Review, Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 17001960, The Making of an Indian Nationalist Archive: Lakshmibai, Jhansi, and 1857, Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament: Perspectives on South Asia, Kings of Kashmira: Being a Translation of the Sanskrita Work Rajatarangini of Kahlana Pandita, Kings of Kashmira: A Translation of the Sanskrita Work of Jonaraja, Shrivara and of Prajyabhatta and Shuka, History of KashmiraA Contribution Towards Ancient Indian History, Politics and Society during the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib, Translation and the Colonial Imaginary: Ibn Khaldun Orientalist, The BJP's Intellectual Agenda: Textbooks and Imagined History, A Critical Study of Indo-Persian Literature: During Sayyid and Lodi Period, 14141526, Hindu Polity: A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times, Bangalore Printing and Publishing Company, The Unhappy Consciousness: Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay and the Formation of Nationalist Discourse in India, Pretexts and Paratexts: The Art of the Peripheral, The Question of History in Precolonial India, Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context, The Hindi Public Sphere, 19201940: Language and Literature in the Age of Nationalism, Rajatarangini: The Saga of the Kings of Kasmir, The Scope of Happiness: A Personal Memoir, Aurel Stein in Kashmir: The Sanskritist of Mohand Marg, Invisible Women, Visible Histories: Gender, Society, and Polity in North India, Seventh to Twelfth Century AD, Textures of Time: Writing History in South India, 16001800, Defining the Household: Some Aspects of Prescription and Practice in Early India, Turbulent Waves: Construction of Gender Relations in the, Negotiating India's Past: Essays in Memory of Partha Sarathi Gupta, History as Conceived by the Ancient Hindu and Other Nations, Ancient Indian Historiography: Sources and Interpretations, Medieval Kashmir and the Science of History, South Asia Institute, University of Texas, Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmir, Imperial Encounters: Religion and Modernity in India and Britain, Studies of the Kashmir Council of Research. Zain ul Abidin, a 15th century ruler of Kashmir, appointed scribes to translate the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian with the aim that these translations would give an insight into Hindu philosophy and culture to the rest of the world. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. The earliest reference to the Kambojas is around the 5th century BCE. Answer: [C] Jonaraja Notes: Sultan Sikandar established a department to translate Sanskrit works into Persia and vice versa in Kashmir. The chronicles only start to align with other evidence by book IV. [19], Jonaraja and later Muslim chroniclers accuse Sikandar of terminating Kashmir's longstanding syncretic culture by persecuting Pandits and destroying numerous Hindu shrines; Suhabhat a Brahman neo-convert and Sikandar's Chief Counsel is particularly blamed for having instigated him. Here maybe Kutumbi = kunabi (as in kurmis of UP and. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Daulat Khan Lodi, Rana Sangam Singh, Zahiruddin Mohammad, Turkish and more. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent.
Medieval Literature | PDF | Persian Literature | Mughal Empire - Scribd Introduction: The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. How long is MOT certificate normally valid? Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse.
Manipulation in Dubbing: The Translation of English-language Films into It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE.
in Persian - Gilaki-Persian Dictionary | Glosbe Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. [6] Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha. In fact, the history of Kashmir was continued, along Kalhanas line, down to some years after the annexation of Kashmir by the Mughal emperor Akbar (1586) in the following works: Rajatarangini (by Jonaraja), Jainatarangini (by Shrivara), and Rajavalipataka (by Prajyabhatta and Shuka). [5] The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years. Barring a successful invasion of Ladakh, Sikandar did not annex any new territory. The relative Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly, According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was. He assigned the work to a few officials to translate the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language, the literary language of the Mughal court. Abul Fazl translated into Persian many outstanding Sanskrit works, such as, the. Built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-day. Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149. Kalhana states that Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered the tribes of the north and after defeating the. Kishan Joshi, the Ganga Dhar, the Mahesh, the Mahanand and others. Kalhana also states that this king had adopted the doctrine of Jina, constructed stupas and Shiva temples, and appeased Bhutesha (Shiva) to obtain his son Jalauka. Gave lands to Brahmins. Its apt choice of kavya (poetry), as felicitously described by Shonaleeka Kaul, makes for a versatile and flexible mode that can entertain the mythic and the folk alongside classical and conventionalised registers of imagination and representation. Raman Menons translation bears the signature of his scholarly skills, derived from mastery of both Sanskrit and Malayalam.
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