bantu expansion genocide

[41] Other inland centres established during this phase of expansion include Bigo bya Mugenyi in Uganda, Thimlich Ohinga in Kenya and the Kweneng' Ruins in South Africa. It was one of Africa's oldest iron-smelting centres. Although early models posited that the early speakers were both iron-using and agricultural, definitive archaeological evidence that they used iron does not appear until as late as 400BC, though they were agricultural. Now the others are minorities this was not at all a targeted effort so there is no reason to call it a genocide. [27] In other places, Bantu language expansion, like many other languages, has been documented with population genetic evidence to have occurred by means other than complete or predominant population replacement (e.g. From what ik the bantu expansion is that it was a migration of people over a long period of time that did result in some cases as conflict but not wholesale coordinated genocide, in the most cases communties assimilated and mixed into each other and not some mass replacement and removal. Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. To feed the growing industrial centers of the Soviet Union, the entire grain harvest of 1933 was confiscated, leaving local peasant populations with almost nothing to feed themselves. Recognition is not universal, however, and a number of important countries support Turkey in this issue. 32 Photographs of Porajmos, the World War II Romani Gypsy Genocide, Heartbreaking Images of the Rwandan Genocide, Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. A characteristic feature of most AtlanticCongo languages, including almost all the Bantu languages except Swahili, is their use of tone. They expanded and took the land which is exactly what they will do to Somalia soon if Somalis don't put a stop to it. Its a MYTH. It is reprinted here with the agreement of the R.S.A.Google Scholar, 2 Johnston, H. H., A survey of the ethnography of Africa: and the former racial and tribal migrations of that continent, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, XLIII (1913), 3912.Google Scholar, 3 Wrigley, C. C., Speculations on the economic prehistory of Africa, Journal of African History, I (1960), 201.Google Scholar, 4 McBurney, C. B. M., The Stone Age of Northern Africa (1960), 234.Google Scholar. Guerrilla warfare played a huge role in World War II. If it was not Continue Reading 26 18 Matt Jennings That's a bold claim. It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. Between 1782-1783, a similar crop failure occurred in Ireland, but on that occasion, the British government responded by closing all Irish ports. This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. In 1966, Roland Oliver published an article presenting these correlations as a reasonable hypothesis.[17]. The German Empire claimed the colony in 1884, as part of what was known as the Scramble for Africa. Here, conditions of physical abuse, disease, exhaustion, and starvation began to claim the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. [21], Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers also inhabited Southeast Africa before the Bantu expansion. The raw facts of the Irish Famine are quite simple. . However, mtDNA genetic research from Cabinda suggests that only haplogroups that originated in West Africa are found there today, and the distinctive L0 of the pre-Bantu population is missing, suggesting that there was a complete population replacement. Linguistic, archeological and genetic evidence indicates that during the course of the Bantu expansion, "independent waves of migration of western African and East African Bantu-speakers into southern Africa occurred. As we approach the top of the list, the Cambodian Genocide, the infamous Killing Fields of the 1790s, ranks very highly. The discussion concludes that the Bantu phenomenon is best understood as a colonisation, migration, expansion, dispersal, or diffusion. Yet, was it all bloodshed and oppression? During the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, an estimated one million people, largely Tutsi, were killed. They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. The dominance of Bantu-speaking people is evident in their movement and control over the areas they encountered. This response quickly escalated to orchestrated genocide, and was extended beyond the Herero to the neighboring Namaqua people, who were of Khoisan origin, and the San, or Bushmen as well. The Bantu Expansion stands for the concurrent dispersal of Bantu languages and Bantu-speaking people from an ancestral homeland situated in the Grassfields region in the borderland between current-day Nigeria and Cameroon. 10010, with the primary authorities cited on p. 176. There Shaka revealed something much more than a simple talent for war, something, in fact, akin to genius. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. Archaeological evidence from the separate works of Jean Hurault (1979, 1986 & 1988) and Rigobert Tuech (2000) in the region reveals that this region has been inhabited by the same culture for 5 millennia, from 3000 B.C to date. Another stream settled in the central areas of modern Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, and Zambia, initiating a complete population replacement of the native African Pygmies who previously inhabited the area. At the same time, all and any aid was prevented from entering Ukraine, which virtually ensured famine, at least on some level. If one was to point the finger at the former Soviet Union for acts of genocide, then one would be able to point in many different directions. Millions? It was only by the spurious acquisition and manipulation of treaties with native kings and rulers that most European powers took the title of Africa. 32 Photographs of Porajmos, the World War II Romani Gypsy Genocide, Heartbreaking Images of the Rwandan Genocide, Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa. The departure of the British would naturally bring about democratic rule, and in a society where Hindus vastly outnumbered Muslims, universal suffrage meant Muslim marginalization. } Prior to the arrival of Bantus in Southeast Africa, Cushitic-speaking peoples had migrated into the region from the Ethiopian Highlands and other more northerly areas. Proto-Bantu speakers, a linguistic branch of the Niger-Congo language family, were concentrated in the region between modern-day Cameroon and Nigeria in West Africa. On the western extremities of the southern African subcontinent lies the nation of Namibia, known until independence as South West Africa, and prior to that as German South West Africa. Tensions and violence increased after the Rwandan Genocide as 1.5 million Hutu refugees fled Rwanda. The Russians, of course, be it in WWI or WWII, always did big numbers, but this certainly was a big one. The Cambodian Genocide was ideological, but it was also random and inexplicable, and in the end, its ideological basis dissolved in undiluted murder. The causes of the 1932-33 famine can be attributed to nothing more complicated than state interference in production. Of course what i have said may not be 100% but for better clarification pls ask a real historian. As we approach the top of the list, the Cambodian Genocide, the infamous Killing Fields of the 1790s, ranks very highly. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. There are no noticeable differences between the two communities as they both use the same Bantu languages together with French, and mainly observe Christianity. The Banyamulenge people settled there throughout history - before and during colonial rule and during Hutu rule in Rwanda. Some historians have referred to the expansion not as migration, but a process of colonization. The Zulu are a military people, forged in a crucible of violence and predatory warfare, and in the early decades of the 19th century, they emerged as a martial society on an almost Spartan scale. The Extinct "Ghost Modern" Race of Africa and the Bantu Expansion Genocide It is connected with complex population movements starting north of Central Africa and led to the progressive colonisation of a vast area further south. These migrants changed population demographics, spread farming across sub-equatorial Africa, introduced iron technology, and built powerful states that continue to influence the African continent today. The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. There is strength in numbers and our Bantu speaking ancestors always had large families consistent with our pro-natalist mindset. [32][33] By the first century BC, Bantu speaking communities in the great lakes region developed iron forging techniques that enabled them to produce carbon steel. They suffered a genocide, at the hands of europeans and bantu peoples. Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. Factors that support claims of genocide include the confiscation not just of grain crops, that were needed to feed a growing industrial army, but also the confiscation of all foodstuffs, including livestock and domestic animals. The Bantu Migration/Expansion was a complex event thus the interactions between the Bantu and non-Bantu were also complex. 6 Portres, Roland, Berceaux agricoles primaires sur le continent africain, Journal of African History, III (1962), 195210;CrossRefGoogle ScholarClark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa,Google Scholaribid. The Bantu Expansion was probably the biggest example of genocide 4in human history. Their two-metre-long assegais were no match for the Zulus' iKlwa, and they died in their hundreds. [5], The expansion is believed to have taken place in at least two waves, between about 3,000 and 2,000 years ago (approximately 1,000 BC to AD 1). As for (2), the chapter argues that the earliest Bantu speakers had their own archeologically visible culture, but they were not farmers. Almost immediately, as British officials handed over, Hindus in India began attacking and killing Muslims, and in Pakistan, vice versa. Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. The indigenous population of the territory comprised dispersed agricultural and pastoral communities belonging to the two major indigenous population groups in southern Africa. Two such factoids are that (1) the Bantu Expansion would have been a single migratory macro-event and (2) it would have been driven by agriculture. Accompanying charcoal carbon-dated to 266 s.c. 120. [1] III and VII.Google Scholar, 25 For example, Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa, 110.Google Scholar, 26 Ihle, A., Das alte Knigreich Kongo (Leipzig, 1929).Google Scholar, 27 Oliver and Mathew, op. This movement sought not only to replace the traditional leadership of the empire with the constitutional government but also to expand and solidify Muslim Turkish control of central and eastern Anatolia. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. Was the Bantu Expansion really as brutal as suggested? Or was it a Needless to say, the matter is most keenly felt in the Ukraine, and on 13 January 2010, a Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, among numerous other Soviet officials of the period, posthumously guilty of genocide. In March 1970, the military in Cambodia ended the traditional rule of Prince Sihanouk. Vaguely the idea was to purify the races under German control, and create thus a race-worthy of European domination. Fearing similar Allied manipulation of traditional Armenian hostility, the Turkish Armenian population found itself the subject of an extermination policy. See below. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. Numerous individual countries, however, twenty-nine in total, including forty-eight states within the United States, classify what took place as genocide. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. To elucidate the still poorly characterized western Bantu expansion, we analyzed Y-chromosome (25 biallelic polymorphisms and 15 microsatellite markers) and mtDNA (hypervariable control regions I and II and selected coding region RFLPs) variation in a population of 110 individuals from southwest Africa, and compared it with a database of 2,708 Early critics argued this phenomenon was a result of language spread rather than the migration of Bantu-speaking people, but genetic evidence has proved otherwise. The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. Our Bantu speaking ancestors also . Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. Required fields are marked *. Evidence suggests that they moved rapidly across the continent, south and east, sometime between 2000 BCE and 1000 CE. With death and destruction occurring on such a vast scale, the relatively minor plight of a fringe minority of Turkish Christians attracted very little attention. Bantu expansion - Wikipedia As the genocide progressed, survival was determined simply by an individuals ability to do work on the collective farms. Between 1904 and 1907, up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed, many in concentration camps, dying of disease and starvation. A boundary commission, sponsored by the British government, attempted to divide India along Hindu and Muslim lines. But Pol Pot was not alone in perpetuating the horrors of his rule. It was only by the spurious acquisition and manipulation of treaties with native kings and rulers that most European powers took the title of Africa. These were, and are the Bantu and the Koi-koi, or Khoisan. Did the Bantu mainly kill of the existing populations during - Quora Until the 1980s, International academic interest in the issue was limited by Soviet censorship, so at the time that it was occurring, very few people were aware of it. Quite as the Turkish government and people reject outright the definition of the Armenian deportation as genocide, so the British government also regard the Great Irish Famine of 1845-1852. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. This began its extreme animus towards the west, a sentiment reinforced by the overspill of the Vietnam War. View all Google Scholar citations On the western extremities of the southern African subcontinent lies the nation of Namibia, known until independence as South West Africa, and prior to that as German South West Africa. In terms of sheer numbers, it is probably the Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932-33, that racked up the greatest score. Notable early kingdoms include the Kingdom of the Kongo in present day Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom in the Great Lakes region, the Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c.1075c.1220) in present day South Africa, and the Zambezi River, where the Monomatapa kings built the Great Zimbabwe complex. The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India. The first waves consisted of Southern Cushitic speakers, who settled around Lake Turkana and parts of Tanzania beginning around 5,000 years ago.